How Does Perceptual Skills Affect Children Become Part Of...

How do perceptual skills in the first few months of life help children become part of the social world? Discuss with reference to developmental theory and research. During the first 6 months of life, an infant develops many perceptual skills that help them to become part of the social world. Perceptual skills are rapidly learnt by the infant through human contact and tuning into the environment around them; infants use their senses to grasp a basic understanding of their surroundings. All infants are born with innate reflexes; that help them engage with and become part of the social world these include; sucking, grasping, and looking (Leman, Bremner, Parke Gauvain, 2012). Bowlby (1958, as cited in Meins, 2003) described how an†¦show more content†¦These help the infant to be active in their own development by organising their initial schemas (a unit of knowledge which are initially an infant’s innate reflexes) then adapting them to new found schemas (voluntarily using reflexes for satisfaction) thus constructing their own social world (Piaget, 1952, as cited in Leman et al., 2012). Piaget’s theory has been criticised for underestimating an infant’s abilities; especially the timings in which an infant is able to carry out a particular behaviour. So it’s difficult to pin-point an exact time frame of development. However, his theory is still heavily influential, maintains empirical validity and preserves heuristic values by stimulating many hypotheses today. Visual perception is the â€Å"process of organizing and interpreting visual sensory stimuli.† (Kavale, 1982). An infant’s vision is a perceptual skill that rapidly develops at 2 to 3 months of life (Courage Adams, 1996). The visual acuity of a newborn is initially very poor, but this improves rapidly during the first 6 months (Maurer Lewis, 2001). This is when the fovea is fully developed; making vision clear (R. Wilson, 1988). Clear vision enhances chances of survival from an evolutionary perspective; so the development of perceptual skills in an infant’s first few months of life is crucial for their survival and ultimately

Merchant Of Venice Analysis - 1046 Words

Gift giving is a long thread that proves to weave the characters of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice together. French anthropologist, Marcel Mauss, proposes that gift giving, although seen as a generous offer, is actually guised as formal and social deception (pg 1). The formal and social deception that Mauss speaks about is what we colloquially express as â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.† In the Merchant of Venice, there is a consistent back and forth of gifts given under the pretense of the future upholding of favors. The assumption of the upholding of a favor tends to be unspoken, but yet, not any less expected. There is an inherent collecting of gifts; gifts that rack up and need to be repaid in some way, shape or form.†¦show more content†¦The extreme kindness portrayed by Antonio here elicits an equally extreme response from Bassanio to prove his worth and gratification towards Antonio: â€Å"I owe you much, and like a willful youth That which I owe is lost; but if you please To shoot another arrow that self way Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt, As I will watch the aim, or to find both Or bring your latter hazard back again And thankfully rest your debtor for the first â€Å" (Act 1.1 Ln: 146-152) Bassanio has previously been in debt to Antonio, yet here is expressing gratitude and imploring Antonio to take another chance on him. The kindness that Antonio portrays is a gift to Bassanio. A gift that Bassanio does not thing he is worthy of hence, why he makes an unnecessary case to Antonio for lending him money. The way that this gift plays out is rather interesting. After Bassanio secures a loan and the hand of Portia, he is now able to pay back Antonio using Portia’s money easily. Yet, the actual monetary value of the loan is no longer the issue now. Upon hearing that Antonio’s ships have been destroyed andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Merchant of Venice Essay513 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeares play The Merchant of Venice is based on a simple enough plot, but it gives a more complex view of the characters involved. It portrays each characters attitude, opinions and actions and shows how they affect the other characters. ====================================================================== Shylock is perhaps the most noteworthy character. He is centred on most of the plays events. Throughout theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Merchant Of Venice 1918 Words   |  8 PagesPerformance Analysis of T he Merchant of Venice Jordan Thomas Mullineaux-Davis William Shakespeare has regularly throughout time been referred to and could be viewed as anti-Semitic because of the cultural implications within many of his plays. A particularly strong example of this could be The Merchant of Venice. This essay will explore arguments of post-colonialism within The Merchant of Venice, discussing the pertinent issues of anti-semitism, racial isolation and prejudice. It will also commentRead MoreAnalysis Of Merchant Of Venice And Frankenstein 1179 Words   |  5 Pages Preconceptions In both Merchant of Venice, by Shakespeare, and Frankenstein, by Mary Shelly, identities, prejudices, and judgements are constantly put to the test. Shylock and Portia, who originally identify strongly with their Jewish ancestry are subject to prejudice and judgement, ultimately causing them to change their concepts of identity to conform to society. Similarly, the Creature is judged for his physical appearance, causing him to grow angry when he is exiled by society. Both novels seemRead MoreMerchant of Venice Rhetorical Analysis1055 Words   |  5 Pageswith the same treatment Christians submitted them to. In William Shakespeares play, The Merchant of Venice, this opportunity arises for one particular Jew, Shylock. Shylock stirs up a range of emotions in the audience, when giving a speech to support his claim that he is entitled to regard the Christians with the same ill-treatment they have shown him. Shylock, the speaker, is a Jewish moneylender in Venice, who is depicted as greedy, self-centered, and aloof. He has been discriminated againstRead MoreMerchant Of Venice Character Analysis1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe characters in The Merchant of Venice teeter between the roles of protagonist and antagonist as Antonio, Shylock, and Portia contend among the unstable lines between that of victim, villain, and hero as the characters reveal their tendencies of schadenfreude behavior which discloses on their true nature -- are they innately evil or are they justly moral? Antonio, the regarded protagonist of the play, and the merchant that is named in the title of The Merchant of Venice is shown as a characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Merchant Of Venice 905 Words   |  4 PagesDarius Bruno ENG2D1-03 Mr. Connelly April 25, 2016 Down In Venice The novel The Merchant of Venice is an interesting play about how people dealt with money. Money has a very important role in this book because it helps the story develop and progress. They use money in different ways in the story; they are used in commerce, debt and in a will. Money is a very important asset in life, but every character has their own view on money, which then dictates their actions throughout the storyRead MoreMerchant Of Venice Character Analysis1119 Words   |  5 PagesBassanio. Each individual character has their own faults which make them either relatable to the reader or draw the reader in more to try and understand the characters perspective. The theme I will be focusing on will be law and justice. In the Merchant of Venice, the theme of law and justice is represented in the court scene. During the duration of the court scene, Portia and Nerissa use their selfish wants to interrupt justice from taking place. Their intention is dependent upon the safety of AntonioRead MoreMerchant Of Venice Film Analysis1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie adaptation of The Merchant of Venice, directed by Michael Radford in 2004, is the first full-length sound film in English, of Shakespeares play. Radford’s adaptation helps the modern day moviegoer understand the complexity of the plays sensitive and controversial topics. There are a litany of differences between the two. However, the storyline and themes remain closely in line with one another. The film differs from the play in some chronological instances. For example, the play has LorenzoRead MoreMerchant Of Venice Critical Analysis Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe Merchant Of Venice is structured partly on the contrast between ide alistic and realistic opinions about society and relationships. The play tells us mercy is preferable to revenge. Shylock chose revenge over mercy against Antonio and how his choices affected him. The Court of Venice begging mercy of Shylock. Finally, Portia forgiving Bassanio for giving away his wedding band. Shakespeare characterised Shylock in such way that he highlights the inequalities of him, them being ungrateful, vengefulRead MoreMerchant of Venice Shylock Analysis Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion different centers of energy and daring those ripples build a current that can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance.† In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Shylock is the core of all ripples. He lashed out against the prejudice that was thrust upon him and is considered evil for doing so. The Merchant of Venice brought together different characters of different religions. Shakespeare used characters in this play to reflect sixteenth century views on Christianity and Judaism

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation free essay sample

A person hitting the snooze button every morning in order to wake up on time is more than likely, suffering from sleep deprivation. It is a problem that can cause harm to the body and personality. Some of the most common health issues a person will endure is cognitive deficiencies, hypertension and weight gain. It has even been argued that sleep deprivation can affect you just as much as being drunk. Unfortunately, with lack of sleep come many unwanted side effects, including impaired cognitive skills needed to function on a daily basis. Depriving the body of necessary rest can and will diminish the brain’s capability of concentrating, henceforth making sound decisions. Sleep deprivation has also been known to impair a persons’ response speed, including perception functions. Being able to react quickly is a crucial skill needed when driving, especially if something jumps in front of your car and you need to come to a screeching halt. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Sleep Deprivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to cognitive deficiencies, not allowing the body to get an adequate amount of sleep can cause hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. Chronic sleep deprivation effects on blood pressure are a scientific fact. If you consistently have poor sleep and you have high blood pressure, you are putting undue pressure on your heart and blood vessels. This dangerously increases your risk for heart disease and premature death. Moreover, if you do not have high blood pressure, but suffer from sleep deprivation several nights a week, you are putting yourself at a higher risk of developing high blood pressure. Delayed correction of sleep deprivation can also inhibit your body from being able to break down sugar leading to obesity and diabetes. Just like abnormal sleep cycles negatively affects the body’s blood pressure it also can cause weight gain. Lack of shut-eye could be behind those unforeseen pounds mysteriously packed on. When an individual is sleep deprived, over time, the body will have hormone changes in your brain that causes the body to believe it is hungry. Due to this, a person will eat more and will force the body over time to store fat; thus causing weight gain. Irregular sleep patterns coupled with eating more equals a dangerous formula for diabetes and obesity. In essence, getting enough sleep will play an integral part in how the body functions daily. It has been said that an individual should get at least seven to eight hours of sleep nightly to ensure the body is well rested. If one does not get adequate or good quality sleep, their health can be negatively affected. The simplest way to avoid the adverse effects of sleep deprivation would be to make a positive change in lifestyle.

The effect of the global financial crisis on political and financial risks

Introduction The current global financial crisis is one of the worst financial crises in history. It has affected many businesses and individuals all over the world. Businesses have closed down and many people have lost their jobs. Uncertainty, political risk and financial risk have also increased (Global Economics Crisis Resource Center, 2009). The negative effects of the global financial crisis have been felt in most parts of the world i.e. in the advanced countries, the emerging markets and in the developing world (Yadav 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of the global financial crisis on political and financial risks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The global financial crisis According to Allen and Synder (2009), the global financial crisis is a disturbance in the economic environment which brings about a drastic drop in the value of assets, failure of financial institutions and a disruption o f the stock exchange (p.36). Business organizations begin to cut costs so as to avoid liquidation therefore the unemployment rate escalates. he purchasing power of many companies and households is reduced as prices of commodities soar. Interest rates, real estate, international investments and international business are also affected. The high cost of doing business in such an economic environment drives many companies to restructuring or closing down the company (p.37). Toporowski (2009) asserts that International business operations have particularly been affected by the global financial crisis because most target markets have cut expenses due to the crisis (p. 162). Therefore the political and financial risk associated with international business has increased. Multinational companies are unable to avoid the effects of the financial crisis and will have to succumb to the constraints in the markets that they operate in. However, different firms are affected to a varying extent dep ending on the markets that are targeted and where the finances are focused (Toporowski 2009)). The effect of the global financial crisis on the tourism industry in Australia As with most other industries, the tourism industry has been affected by the ongoing global financial crisis. The services sold can only be used on site therefore stable conditions are necessary. The tourism industry in Australia is at an all time low and this has increased the political and financial risks associated with the industry (Elks Roberts 2008). The Australian tourism industry depends heavily on international visitors therefore there are numerous challenges that are being faced due to the reduction in expenditure for luxury. Tourism globally has been exposed to increased political and financial risks due to the global recession.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Investment in the Australian tou rism sector is very low as most investors are delaying, reducing or even canceling investment ventures. Therefore there is reduced business from foreign investors. In addition, investors are also careful because the political atmosphere in Australia may become volatile due to the recent elections and the effect of the financial crisis (Geoff Carmody associates 2009). Political risks Political risk is the risk of financial, strategic or human loss due to political issues in a country. It is the likelihood that a business or investors will lose money or make less revenue than expected because of political decisions and events in a nation. Political risk that is most commonly experienced by the companies involved in international business is transfer risk which is a situation whereby it is not possible to send out currency from a country because of central bank restrictions (Hendrix 1991). From history, it is evident that economic instability usually creates political instability. For instance, there was a decrease in the political instability of many countries since the end of the cold war. This means that the financial crisis can bring about problems such as riots, violence and increased criminal activity. The increase in piracy activities at the Horn of Africa is has been largely attributed to the global financial crisis because of heightened poverty and costs of living. This situation could therefore worsen an already troubled economic situation. (Othieno 2008) There have already been several cases globally of social unrest which have been linked to the financial crisis. In Bulgaria, anti-government protests were held in a bid to push the government to bring reforms in the economic and social sectors. Vehicles were damaged, windows smashed and businesses affected by the riots that ensued. In Lithuania, protestors threw stones at parliament as they demanded that the government reduce its spending because of the economic crisis. One of the worst cases of civil unrest was in Madagascar where more than 100 people were killed when violence erupted during a demonstration. (Thinking Shift 2009) In light of this, the global financial crisis has increased the political risk that organizations engaging in international business and international direct investment face. Hendrix (1991) asserts that a stable and safe political environment is important for the success of International business. If the environment is not stable, there will be a drop in the tourism and foreign direct investment in the tourism industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of the global financial crisis on political and financial risks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial risk Financial risk in the international market has been transformed due to the global financial crisis. Problems that have arisen include inflation, intensified competition in the international market, uncertainty, cr isis in the financial markets and increased market volatility. Financial institutions and international business are finding it difficult to increase profits, cut costs and to deal with financial risk. According to Yadav (2008) financial risk encompasses other types of risk such as market risk, foreign exchange risk and credit risk (p. 40). Market risk is the possibility that a firm will loose money to a financial institution because of extreme price changes in the financial market. Foreign exchange risk is the possibility of financial loss due to changes in the money markets. Credit risk is due to non-payment by a borrower of the principal and interest according to the terms of agreement (Yadav 2008). Toporowski (2009) asserts that foreign direct investment is subdued because of risk aversion, reduction in financial leverage and scarcity of capital (p. 162). Many companies are holding on to liquid assets such as cash and marketable securities instead of investing. Cutting capital e xpenditure is likely to impact the economy in a negative way because it will reduce the opportunities for earning revenue. In addition, if investment is restricted, the net profit of the companies will be reduced (Toporowski 2009). The effect of the crisis on International trade The world economy has been largely affected by the global financial crisis. Risk and uncertainty are at a very high level. Therefore, the economic forecasts are likely to have substantial errors. The confidence of consumers and investors has been shaken since the financial problem began. In addition, the attitude of the important players in the economy is unlikely to improve since most expect the situation to get worse (Allen and Synder 2009) Difficulty raising capital Raising capital has become very difficult in the wake of the current financial crisis. The banks and financial institutions have become very careful about lending while investors are reluctant to invest in risky markets. There is a lot of comp etition for finance against other industries which are deemed more profitable. Therefore many businesses suffer from insufficient capital to invest and expand business. (Elks Roberts 2008). The inbound tourists to Australia are much fewer than in previous years. Local tourism has also been affected by the financial crisis as people struggle to meet their financial obligations. The number of tourists from within the country is much less than in previous years. This is very discouraging to investors and players in the industry thus affecting the availability of capital. (Tourism Australia 2008) Governments’ response to these risks In order to cope with the financial crisis, many countries have had to restrict the capital flow. This is primarily aimed at stabilizing the financial systems of the country (Toporowski 2009). According to the Global Economics Crisis Resource Center (2009), many countries have employed protectionism as a means of dealing with the financial problem.Ad vertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Protectionism is a situation whereby a country restrains trade activities with other countries (p. 21). The governments restrict imports of goods and services by imposing tariffs and quotas on imports. Governments also regulate the ownership of local companies by foreigners. By taking this measures a government will be able to protect is citizens and local businesses (Global Economics Crisis Resource Center 2009). Most governments have employed the traditional monetary tools such as reducing the interest rate and putting in place specific reserve requirements for the banks. Some countries began schemes which were aimed at rescuing banks and financial institutions that are in trouble. The activities under these schemes include purchasing unprofitable assets and offering credit (Burakovsky 2009). Burakovsky (2009), states that long-term plans to boost the economic situation have also been put in place so as to increase the demand of investments and consumption by households. Some coun tries plan to reduce tax for businesses and individuals in future. Research and development is being focused on investment opportunities and new technologies. Burakovsky (2009) points out that regional development is being considered as a means to increase economic development (p.81). Cooperation amongst countries is been sought to prevent such a crisis in future. International forums such as the G-7 and G-20 are useful in ensuring that there is international coordination so as to reform the financial systems (Burakovsky 2009) The international Monetary Fund has been offering financial assistance to countries that are in grave situations. They have provided emergency financial assistance in order to assist the countries to survive and to prevent an economic collapse of the nations. In addition, the IMF provides the advice to the affected governments as to how they can best curb the situation and come out of the financial problems. Managing risks and operations appropriately will ens ure that the companies in the Australian tourism industry endure the problems in the market. The governments and central banks of all the countries that have been affected by the crisis are taking unprecedented measures. The governments are giving a lot of support to the banks and financial institutions so as to stability the economy. In addition control measures have been put in place to monitor the economy (Burakovsky 2009). Uncertainty of government policies Although the interventions by governments are expected to yield positive results, there is uncertainty concerning the effectiveness of those policies in alleviating the problems faced due to the financial crisis. According to Carbaugh (2008), some policies adopted by government have negative effects (pg. 486). For instance, if the government decides to rescue banks that are in financial problems it is a moral hazard because there is no consequence faced for mistakes. Therefore investors may avoid such an environment. If the g overnment deals with a deficit by simply creating money, this will give rise to inflation. It is this issues which affect the credibility of government policies. (Carbaugh 2008) Conclusion Governments should work at reducing the problems faced by citizens and businesses in their country due to the economic crisis. It is important that businesses are offered support to reduce the closure of businesses due to financial problems. The governments should put in place policies that reduce political and financial risks so as to improve the business environment and attract foreign direct investment. However, policies with negative consequences such as protectionism should be avoided. References ABC News 2009, Financial crisis hits Australia zoo, Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/03/25/2526276.htm . Allen, R Synder, D 2009, ‘New thinking of the financial crisis’, Critical Perspectives on International Business, vol. 5, no. 2, pp 36-55. BBC 2008, Australia slashes interest rates, Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7656161.stm . Burakovsky, I 2009, ‘Coping with the effects of International financial crisis’, Problems of Economic Transition, vol. 51, no. 10, pp 78-96. Carbaugh, RJ 2008, International Economics, Ohio, Cengage Learning, 2008 Elks, S Roberts, G 2008, ‘Tourism fears a big hit from financial crisis’, The Australian, Available from: http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24743201-5013871,00.html . Geoff Carmody and Associates 2008, Tourism prospects as Wall Street crunches Main Street, http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Economic%20Crisis%20Report%20-%20Summary.pdf . Global Economic Crisis Resource Center 2009, Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Business, Cengage Learning, USA. Hendrix, S 1991, Political risk and international business, Available from: http://www.stevenhendrix.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Wisc_Intl_Trade_-_Political_Risk.103143045.pdf . Othieno, T 2009, The global financial crisis: risks for fragile states in Africa, Available from: http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3064.pdf . Thinking Shift 2009, Global pandemic of unrest, Available from: http://thinkingshift.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/global-pandemic-of-unrest/ . Toporowski, J 2009, ‘International business and the crisis’, Critical Perspectives on International Business, vol. 5, no. 1, pp 162-164. Tourism Australia 2008, Tourism Australia global market monitor, Available from: http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/Global_Market_Monitor/GlobalMarketMonitorShortDecember08.pdf . Yadav, V 2008, Risk in international finance, New York, Routledge. 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